Create and manage virtual devices

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An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is a configuration that defines the characteristics of an Android phone, tablet, Wear OS, Android TV, or Automotive OS device that you want to simulate in the Android Emulator. The Device Manager is an interface you can launch from Android Studio that helps you create and manage AVDs.

To open the new Device Manager, do one of the following:

  • From the Android Studio Welcome screen, select More Actions > Virtual Device Manager.

Opening the Device Manager from the Welcome screen

  • After opening a project, select View > Tool Windows > Device Manager from the main menu bar.

New Device Manager window with "pair device" menu option highlighted

If you want to use virtual devices to run your automated instrumented tests in a scalable and self-managed way, consider using Gradle Managed Devices.

About AVDs

An AVD contains a hardware profile, system image, storage area, skin, and other properties.

We recommend that you create an AVD for each system image that your app could potentially support based on the <uses-sdk> setting in your manifest.

Hardware profile

The hardware profile defines the characteristics of a device as shipped from the factory. The Device Manager comes preloaded with certain hardware profiles, such as Pixel devices, and you can define or customize the hardware profiles as needed.

Notice that only some hardware profiles are indicated to include Play Store. This indicates that these profiles are fully CTS compliant and may use system images that include the Play Store app.

System images

A system image labeled with Google APIs includes access to Google Play services. A system image labeled with the Google Play logo in the Play Store column includes the Google Play Store app and access to Google Play services, including a Google Play tab in the Extended controls dialog that provides a convenient button for updating Google Play services on the device.

To ensure app security and a consistent experience with physical devices, system images with the Google Play Store included are signed with a release key, which means that you cannot get elevated privileges (root) with these images. If you require elevated privileges (root) to aid with your app troubleshooting, you can use the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) system images that do not include Google apps or services.

Storage area

The AVD has a dedicated storage area on your development machine. It stores the device user data, such as installed apps and settings, as well as an emulated SD card. If needed, you can use the Device Manager to wipe user data, so the device has the same data as if it were new.

Skin

An emulator skin specifies the appearance of a device. The Device Manager provides some predefined skins. You can also define your own, or use skins provided by third parties.

AVD and app features

Be sure your AVD definition includes the device features your app depends on. See Hardware Profile Properties and AVD Properties for lists of features you can define in your AVDs.

Create an AVD

Tip: If you want to launch your app into an emulator, instead run your app from Android Studio and then in the Select Deployment Target dialog that appears, click Create New Virtual Device.

To create a new AVD:

  1. Open the Device Manager.
  2. Click Create Device.

    The Select Hardware window appears.

    Notice that only some hardware profiles are indicated to include Play Store. This indicates that these profiles are fully CTS compliant and may use system images that include the Play Store app.

  3. Select a hardware profile, and then click Next.

    4. If you don't see the hardware profile you want, you can create or import a hardware profile.

    The System Image page appears.

  4. Select the system image for a particular API level, and then click Next.

    5. The Recommended tab lists recommended system images. The other tabs include a more complete list. The right pane describes the selected system image. x86 images run the fastest in the emulator.

    If you see Download next to the system image, you need to click it to download the system image. You must be connected to the internet to download it.

    The API level of the target device is important, because your app won't be able to run on a system image with an API level that's less than that required by your app, as specified in the minSdkVersion attribute of the app manifest file. For more information about the relationship between system API level and minSdkVersion, see Versioning Your Apps.

    If your app declares a <uses-library> element in the manifest file, the app requires a system image in which that external library is present. If you want to run your app on an emulator, create an AVD that includes the required library. To do so, you might need to use an add-on component for the AVD platform; for example, the Google APIs add-on contains the Google Maps library.

    The Verify Configuration page appears.

  5. Change AVD properties as needed, and then click Finish.

    Click Show Advanced Settings to show more settings, such as the skin.

    6. The new AVD appears in the Virtual tab of the Device Manager and the target drop-down menu.

To create an AVD starting with a copy:

  1. From the Virtual tab of the Device Manager, click Menu and select Duplicate.

    2. The Verify Configuration page appears.

  2. Click Change or Previous if you need to make changes on the System Image and Select Hardware pages.
  3. Make your changes, and then click Finish.

    4. The AVD appears in the Virtual tab of the Device Manager.

Create a hardware profile

The Device Manager provides predefined hardware profiles for common devices so you can easily add them to your AVD definitions. If you need to define a different device, you can create a new hardware profile. You can define a new hardware profile from the beginning, or copy a hardware profile as a start. The preloaded hardware profiles aren't editable.

To create a new hardware profile from the beginning:

  1. In the Select Hardware page, click New Hardware Profile.
  2. In the Configure Hardware Profile page, change the hardware profile properties as needed.
  3. Click Finish.

    4. Your new hardware profile appears in the Select Hardware page. You can optionally create an AVD that uses the hardware profile by clicking Next. Or, click Cancel to return to the Virtual tab or target device drop-down menu.

To create a hardware profile starting with a copy:

  1. In the Select Hardware page, select a hardware profile and click Clone Device.

    2. Or right-click a hardware profile and select Clone.

  2. In the Configure Hardware Profile page, change the hardware profile properties as needed.
  3. Click Finish.

    4. Your new hardware profile appears in the Select Hardware page. You can optionally create an AVD that uses the hardware profile by clicking Next. Or, click Cancel to return to the Virtual tab or target device drop-down menu.

Edit existing AVDs

From the Virtual tab of the Device Manager, you can perform the following operations on an existing AVD:

Edit existing hardware profiles

From the Select Hardware page, you can perform the following operations on an existing hardware profile:

  • To edit a hardware profile, select it and click Edit Device. Or right-click a hardware profile and select Edit. Next, make your changes.
  • To delete a hardware profile, right-click it and select Delete.

You can't edit or delete the predefined hardware profiles.

Run and stop an emulator, and clear data

From the Virtual tab, you can perform the following operations on an emulator:

Import and export hardware profiles

From the Select Hardware page, you can import and export hardware profiles:

  • To import a hardware profile, click Import Hardware Profiles and select the XML file containing the definition on your computer.
  • To export a hardware profile, right-click it and select Export. Specify the location where you want to store the XML file containing the definition.

Hardware profile properties

You can specify the following properties of hardware profiles in the Configure Hardware Profile page. AVD configuration properties override hardware profile properties, and emulator properties that you set while the emulator is running override them both.

The predefined hardware profiles included with the Device Manager aren't editable. However, you can copy them and edit the copies.

Hardware Profile Property Description
Device Name Name of the hardware profile. The name can contain uppercase or lowercase letters, numbers from 0 to 9, periods (.), underscores (_), parentheses ( () ), and spaces. The name of the file storing the hardware profile is derived from the hardware profile name.
Device Type Select one of the following:
  • Phone/Tablet
  • Wear OS
  • Android TV
  • Chrome OS Device
  • Android Automotive
Screen Size The physical size of the screen, in inches, measured at the diagonal. If the size is larger than your computer screen, it's reduced in size at launch.
Screen Resolution Type a width and height in pixels to specify the total number of pixels on the simulated screen.
Round Select this option if the device has a round screen, such as some Wear OS devices.
Memory: RAM Type a RAM size for the device and select the units, one of B (byte), KB (kilobyte), MB (megabyte), GB (gigabyte), or TB (terabyte).
Input: Has Hardware Buttons (Back/Home/Menu) Select this option if your device has hardware navigation buttons. Deselect it if these buttons are implemented in software only. If you select this option, the buttons won't appear on the screen. You can use the emulator side panel to "press" the buttons, in either case.
Input: Has Hardware Keyboard Select this option if your device has a hardware keyboard. Deselect it if it doesn't. If you select this option, a keyboard won't appear on the screen. You can use your computer keyboard to send keystrokes to the emulator, in either case.
Navigation Style

Select one of the following:

  • None - No hardware controls. Navigation is through the software.
  • D-pad - Directional Pad support.
  • Trackball
  • Wheel

These options are for actual hardware controls on the device itself. However, the events sent to the device by an external controller are the same.
Supported Device States

Select one or both options:

  • Portrait - Oriented taller than wide.
  • Landscape - Oriented wider than tall.

If you select both, you can switch between orientations in the emulator. You must select at least one option to continue.
Cameras

To enable the camera, select one or both options:

  • Back-Facing Camera - The lens faces away from the user.
  • Front-Facing Camera - The lens faces toward the user.

Later, you can use a webcam or a photo provided by the emulator to simulate taking a photo with the camera.
Sensors: Accelerometer Select if the device has hardware that helps the device determine its orientation.
Sensors: Gyroscope Select if the device has hardware that detects rotation or twist. In combination with an accelerometer, it can provide smoother orientation detection and support a six-axis orientation system.
Sensors: GPS Select if the device has hardware that supports the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite-based navigation system.
Sensors: Proximity Sensor Select if the device has hardware that detects if the device is close to your face during a phone call to disable input from the screen.
Default Skin Select a skin that controls what the device looks like when displayed in the emulator. Remember that specifying a screen size that's too big for the resolution can mean that the screen is cut off, so you can't see the whole screen. See Create an emulator skin for more information.

AVD properties

You can specify the following properties for AVD configurations in the Verify Configuration page. The AVD configuration specifies the interaction between the development computer and the emulator, as well as properties you want to override in the hardware profile.

AVD configuration properties override hardware profile properties. Emulator properties that you set while the emulator is running override them both.

AVD Property Description
AVD Name Name of the AVD. The name can contain uppercase or lowercase letters, numbers from 0 to 9, periods (.), underscores (_), parentheses ( () ), dashes (-), and spaces. The name of the file storing the AVD configuration is derived from the AVD name.
AVD ID (Advanced) The AVD filename is derived from the ID, and you can use the ID to refer to the AVD from the command line.
Hardware Profile Click Change to select a different hardware profile in the Select Hardware page.
System Image Click Change to select a different system image in the System Image page. An active internet connection is required to download a new image.
Startup Orientation

Select one option for the initial emulator orientation:

  • Portrait - Oriented taller than wide.
  • Landscape - Oriented wider than tall.

An option is enabled only if it's selected in the hardware profile. When running the AVD in the emulator, you can change the orientation if both portrait and landscape are supported in the hardware profile.
Camera (Advanced)

To enable a camera, select one or both options:

  • Front - The lens faces away from the user.
  • Back - The lens faces toward the user.

The Emulated setting produces a software-generated image, while the Webcam setting uses your development computer webcam to take a picture.

This option is available only if it's selected in the hardware profile; it's not available for Wear OS and Android TV.
Network: Speed (Advanced)

Select a network protocol to determine the speed of data transfer:

  • GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
  • HSCSD - High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
  • GPRS - Generic Packet Radio Service
  • EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
  • UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • HSDPA - High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
  • LTE - Long-Term Evolution
  • Full (default) - Transfer data as quickly as your computer allows.
Network: Latency (Advanced) Select a network protocol to set how much time (delay) it takes for the protocol to transfer a data packet from one point to another point.
Emulated Performance: Graphics

Select how graphics are rendered in the emulator:

  • Hardware - Use your computer graphics card for faster rendering.
  • Software - Emulate the graphics in software, which is useful if you're having a problem with rendering in your graphics card.
  • Automatic - Let the emulator decide the best option based on your graphics card.
Emulated Performance: Boot option (Advanced)
  • Cold boot - Start the device each time by powering up from the device-off state.
  • Quick boot - Start the device by loading the device state from a saved snapshot. For details, see Run the emulator with Quick Boot.
Emulated Performance: Multi-Core CPU (Advanced) Select the number of processor cores on your computer that you'd like to use for the emulator. Using more processor cores speeds up the emulator.
Memory and Storage: RAM The amount of RAM on the device. This value is set by the hardware manufacturer, but you can override it, if needed, such as for faster emulator operation. Increasing the size uses more resources on your computer. Type a RAM size and select the units, one of B (byte), KB (kilobyte), MB (megabyte), GB (gigabyte), or TB (terabyte).
Memory and Storage: VM Heap The VM heap size. This value is set by the hardware manufacturer, but you can override it, if needed. Type a heap size and select the units, one of B (byte), KB (kilobyte), MB (megabyte), GB (gigabyte), or TB (terabyte). For more information on Android VMs, see Memory Management for Different Virtual Machines.
Memory and Storage: Internal Storage The amount of nonremovable memory space available on the device. This value is set by the hardware manufacturer, but you can override it, if needed. Type a size and select the units, one of B (byte), KB (kilobyte), MB (megabyte), GB (gigabyte), or TB (terabyte).
Memory and Storage: SD Card The amount of removable memory space available to store data on the device. To use a virtual SD card managed by Android Studio, select Studio-managed, type a size, and select the units, one of B (byte), KB (kilobyte), MB (megabyte), GB (gigabyte), or TB (terabyte). A minimum of 100 MB is recommended to use the camera. To manage the space in a file, select External file and click ... to specify the file and location. For more information, see mksdcard and AVD data directory.
Device Frame: Enable Device Frame Select to enable a frame around the emulator window that mimics the look of a real device.
Custom Skin Definition (Advanced) Select a skin that controls what the device looks like when displayed in the emulator. Remember that specifying a screen size that's too big for the skin can mean that the screen is cut off, so you can't see the whole screen. See Create an emulator skin for more information.
Keyboard: Enable Keyboard Input (Advanced) Select this option if you want to use your hardware keyboard to interact with the emulator. It's disabled for Wear OS and Android TV.

Create an emulator skin

An Android emulator skin is a collection of files that define the visual and control elements of an emulator display. If the skin definitions available in the AVD settings don't meet your requirements, you can create your own custom skin definition, and then apply it to your AVD.

Each emulator skin contains:

  • A hardware.ini file
  • Layout files for supported orientations (landscape, portrait) and physical configuration
  • Image files for display elements, such as background, keys and buttons

To create and use a custom skin:

  1. Create a new directory where you will save your skin configuration files.
  2. Define the visual appearance of the skin in a text file named layout. This file defines many characteristics of the skin, such as the size and image assets for specific buttons. For example: 
    parts {     device {         display {             width   320             height  480             x       0             y       0         }     }      portrait {         background {             image background_port.png         }          buttons {             power {                 image  button_vertical.png                 x 1229                 y 616             }         }     }     ... }
  3. Add the bitmap files of the device images in the same directory.
  4. Specify additional hardware-specific device configurations in a hardware.ini file for the device settings, such as hw.keyboard and hw.lcd.density.
  5. Archive the files in the skin folder and select the archive file as a custom skin.

For more detailed information about creating emulator skins, see the Android Emulator Skin File Specification in the tools source code.